¿Dónde están las mujeres en las campañas de prevención del VIH-sida en España? Importancia de la perspectiva de género y diversidad afectivo-sexual / Where are the women in HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns in Spain? The importance of the gender perspective and affective-sexual diversity

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Las transfusiones de derivados sanguíneos en pacientes terminales, ¿qué beneficios podemos encontrar? Una revisión sistemática / What benefi ts may we fi nd with the transfusion of blood products to terminal patients? A systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: El 5-17,5 % de los pacientes terminales requieren transfusión con hemoderivados por anemia crónica, siendo las indicaciones para transfundir los niveles de hemoglobina (< 12 g dl) y los síntomas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los beneficios que obtienen estos pacientes con el tratamiento con hemoderivados. MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática realizando la búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, IBECS y The Cochrane Library. Se acotó a inglés y español, pacientes terminales adultos, tratamiento con hemoderivados y estudios de casos y controles, cohortes, descriptivos y ensayos clínicos. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron 17 artículos de 297 encontrados: 1 casos-control, 1 caso clínico, 1 cualitativo y 14 descriptivos. 9 señalaron beneficios en síntomas, 4 mejoría de la hemoglobina sérica, y 4 combinaron las dos mediciones. CONCLUSIONES: Todos los estudios habían aplicado el nivel de hemoglobina para indicar transfusión. La fatiga, la disnea y los niveles de hemoglobina mejoran tras la terapia, pero no mejoran la calidad de vida o la supervivencia

INTRODUCTION: Chronic anemia is a common condition among terminal patients, and between 5% and 17.5% of patients require blood transfusions. The main indications for transfusion are based on hemoglobin levels (< 12 g/dL) and symptomatology. The objective was to analyze the benefits of treatment with blood transfusions in these patients. METHODS: A systematic review of the Medline, IBECS, and The Cochrane Library databases was performed. Inclusion criteria: papers written in Spanish or English, adult terminal patient population, and specific types of studies: clinical trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, and descriptive studies. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were selected from a total of 297 - 1 case-control study, 1 clinical case report, 1 qualitative research, and 14 descriptions. Nine showed benefits in symptoms, 4 found improvement in serum hemoglobin, and 4 combined these two measurements. CONCLUSIONS: All the articles had applied the hemoglobin level criterion to indicate transfusion. Fatigue, dyspnea, and hemoglobin levels improve after therapy, but quality of life and survival do not improve

Políticas sanitarias, perspectiva de género y diversidad afectivo sexual: ¿una asignatura pendiente? / Health policies, gender perspective and affective- sexual diversity: An unresolved matter?

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El deporte como estrategia de mantenimiento de la inequidad de género / Sports as strategy for maintaining gender inequity

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Sexismo desde las instituciones médicas / Sexism in medical institutions

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Agenda de género en la formación en ciencias de la salud: experiencias internacionales para reducir tiempos en España / Gender agenda in health sciences education: international experiences to reduce time in Spain

Objetivo: Analizar experiencias y lecciones aprendidas de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en titulaciones de ciencias de la salud en el ámbito internacional. Método: Revisión bibliográfica de tipo narrativo sin límite de fechas. Palabras clave: "curricula", "medical education", "nursing education", "health science", "gender education", "gender medicine" y "gender health issues". Se identificaron otros artículos en bola de nieve partiendo de los detectados en la revisión. Resultados: Los contenidos sobre sexo-género aparecen en los resultados de aprendizaje y en la evaluación. Aprendizaje basado en debatir innovaciones y aplicaciones asistenciales sobre cuestiones de sexo-género. Resistencias: escepticismo como ejercicio académico útil. Falta de tiempo para formación del profesorado y dificultad de concreción por diversidad de contenidos. Sobrecarga del currículo. La idea de tratarse de temas exclusivamente de mujeres. Dificultades para implementar políticas de cambio en los centros derivadas de la dificultad de identificar sesgos de género ante las autoridades académicas. Conclusiones: Las claves de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en los títulos universitarios radican en los niveles políticos, organizativos y de cambio cultural, y en el profesorado. Existen factores facilitadores y barreras individuales e interpersonales. Es imprescindible el nivel organizativo con el apoyo institucional mediante normas que «obliguen» a incorporar esta perspectiva y asegurar su sostenibilidad

Objective: To analyse experiences and lessons learned in the process of incorporating gender perspective into health sciences degrees in the international arena. Method: Narrative literature review with no date limit. Keywords "curricula", medical education", "nursing education", "health science", "gender education", "gender medicine" and "gender health issues". Other articles were snowballed from those identified in the review. Results: Content on sex-gender appears in learning outcomes and evaluation. Learning based on discussing innovations and assistive applications on gender issues. Resistance: scepticism as a useful academic exercise; lack of time for teacher training and difficulty in finding concrete solutions, due to the diversity of contents; Curriculum overload; the idea of dealing exclusively with women's issues. Difficulties in implementing change policies in centres arising from the difficulty in identifying and presenting gender biases to academic authorities. Conclusions: The key to gender mainstreaming in university degrees lies at the level of political, organizational and cultural change, as well as at faculty level. There are facilitating factors and individual and interpersonal barriers; the organizational level is essential with institutional support through norms that enforce the incorporation of this perspective and ensure its sustainability

Legitimación de desigualdades de género a través de las políticas públicas de prevención del consumo de alcohol en jóvenes / Legitimisation of gender inequalities through public policies for the prevention of alcohol use among young people

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[Gender agenda in health sciences education: international experiences to reduce time in Spain]. / Agenda de género en la formación en ciencias de la salud: experiencias internacionales para reducir tiempos en España.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse experiences and lessons learned in the process of incorporating gender perspective into health sciences degrees in the international arena. METHOD: Narrative literature review with no date limit. Keywords "curricula", medical education", "nursing education", "health science", "gender education", "gender medicine" and "gender health issues". Other articles were snowballed from those identified in the review. RESULTS: Content on sex-gender appears in learning outcomes and evaluation. Learning based on discussing innovations and assistive applications on gender issues. Resistance: scepticism as a useful academic exercise; lack of time for teacher training and difficulty in finding concrete solutions, due to the diversity of contents; Curriculum overload; the idea of dealing exclusively with women's issues. Difficulties in implementing change policies in centres arising from the difficulty in identifying and presenting gender biases to academic authorities. CONCLUSIONS: The key to gender mainstreaming in university degrees lies at the level of political, organizational and cultural change, as well as at faculty level. There are facilitating factors and individual and interpersonal barriers; the organizational level is essential with institutional support through norms that enforce the incorporation of this perspective and ensure its sustainability.

Assessing gender stereotypes and sexual risk practices in men who have sex with men / Valoración de estereotipos de género y prácticas sexuales de riesgo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres

Objective: To analyze the construct validity and the internal consistency of the 12-item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) questionnaire and to study the association between gender stereotypes and sexual risk practices in men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Cross-sectional study of 601 MSM who voluntarily and anonymously responded to an online survey on risk practices and gender stereotypes. The BSRI-12 was used to obtain gender stereotypes (masculine, feminine, undifferentiated and androgynous). For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the BSRI-12 and logistic regression were performed. Results: Two main factors (Cronbach alpha 0.95 and 0.81) were obtained from the EFA. Using the androgynous roles as the reference category, we found lower odds of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among those who endorse feminine roles (OR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.29-0.95). Endorsing masculine roles with alcohol consumption (OR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.15-3.20) or the undifferentiated when not knowing the partner's serological status (OR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.02-2.35) were associated with higher odds of UAI compared to those endorsing the androgynous roles. Undifferentiated participants also perform receptive UAI using poppers (OR: 2.19; 95%CI: 1.24-3.87), and insertive UAI not knowing the serological status of the sexual partner (OR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.04-2.76) compared to androgynous participants. Conclusion: The BSRI is a valid and consistent instrument for identifying gender stereotypes in MSM. A greater proportion of participants within the undifferentiated and the masculine category engage in risk practices with the influence of substance consumption and unawareness of their sexual partner's serological status. The information obtained may be useful to define intervention and prevention programs

Objetivo: Analizar la validez de constructo y la consistencia interna del cuestionario Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) y estudiar la asociación entre estereotipos de género y prácticas sexuales de riesgo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Métodos: Estudio transversal con 601 HSH que de manera anónima y voluntaria respondieron a un cuestionario online sobre prácticas de riesgo y estereotipos de género. Se utilizó el cuestionario BSRI-12 sobre estereotipos de género (masculino, femenino, indiferenciado y andrógino). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) del BSRI-12 y regresión logística. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos factores principales (alfa de Cronbach: 0,95 y 0,81). Utilizando el rol andrógino como categoría de referencia, encontramos menores odds ratios (OR) de realizar penetración anal sin condón (PASC) entre aquellos pertenecientes a roles femeninos (OR: 0,53; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 0,29-0,95). Los roles masculinos con consumo de alcohol (OR: 1,92; IC95%: 1,15-3,20) y los indiferenciados con desconocimiento del estado serológico de la pareja (OR: 1,55; IC95%: 1,02-2,35) se asociaron con mayores OR de PASC en comparación con los roles andróginos. Los indiferenciados realizaron más PASC usando popper (OR: 2,19; IC95%: 1,24-3,87) y PASC insertiva con desconocimiento del estado serológico de la pareja sexual (OR: 1,69; IC95%: 1.04-2.76) en comparación con los andróginos. Conclusión: El BSRI es un instrumento consistente y válido para identificar estereotipos de género en los HSH. Los participantes de las categorías indiferenciado y masculino realizan más prácticas de riesgo bajo la influencia de sustancias y desconociendo el estado serológico de las parejas. La información obtenida es útil para definir programas de intervención y prevención

Adecuación de las intervenciones selectivas en eventos multitudinarios / Suitability of selective interventions in multitudinal events

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Inclusión de la orientación afectivo-sexual y de las identidades de género como determinantes sociales de la salud / Inclusion of affective-sexual orientation and gender identities as social determinants of health

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Assessing gender stereotypes and sexual risk practices in men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the construct validity and the internal consistency of the 12-item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) questionnaire and to study the association between gender stereotypes and sexual risk practices in men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 601 MSM who voluntarily and anonymously responded to an online survey on risk practices and gender stereotypes. The BSRI-12 was used to obtain gender stereotypes (masculine, feminine, undifferentiated and androgynous). For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the BSRI-12 and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Two main factors (Cronbach alpha 0.95 and 0.81) were obtained from the EFA. Using the androgynous roles as the reference category, we found lower odds of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among those who endorse feminine roles (OR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.29-0.95). Endorsing masculine roles with alcohol consumption (OR: 1.92; 95%CI: 1.15-3.20) or the undifferentiated when not knowing the partner's serological status (OR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.02-2.35) were associated with higher odds of UAI compared to those endorsing the androgynous roles. Undifferentiated participants also perform receptive UAI using poppers (OR: 2.19; 95%CI: 1.24-3.87), and insertive UAI not knowing the serological status of the sexual partner (OR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.04-2.76) compared to androgynous participants. CONCLUSION: The BSRI is a valid and consistent instrument for identifying gender stereotypes in MSM. A greater proportion of participants within the undifferentiated and the masculine category engage in risk practices with the influence of substance consumption and unawareness of their sexual partner's serological status. The information obtained may be useful to define intervention and prevention programs.

[Validity, Reliability and Associated Factors of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Adapted to Elderly (IPAQ-E)]. / Medición de la actividad física en personas mayores de 65 años mediante el IPAQ-E: validez de contenido, fiabilidad y factores asociados.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity contributes to improve health and reduce mortality in older people. The objective was to analyze the validity of content and reliability of the short version of IPAQ-E in elderly people who attended to Fernando el Católico health center between May 2013 and March 2015. METHODS: Validation study of the short version of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) adapted in Spanish elderly (IPAQ-E). Our sampling was for convenience. The short version of IPAQ in Spanish USA was used and its activities were adapted to Spanish elderly. Two measurements of IPAQ-E with 15 days between them were used to analyze the intraobserver reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure intraobserver reliability, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency (CI) and Spearman correlation coefficients (CS) to analyze the correlation between IPAQ-E and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: The sample was 139 people, average age 73,18 years. Intraobserver reliability total was 0.914, besides exceeded 0.9 in the three dimensions of the questionnaire. The CI was 0.518; It exceeded 0.8 in the rest of dimensions of IPAQ-E. The CS between IPAQ-E Total and SPPB was (Rho 0.435), between the total scores SPPB and walking activity was (Rho 0.426), and the score vigorous activity was (Rho 0,248). CONCLUSIONS: The IPAQ-E is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring mobility in Spanish elderly. However, more studies about its validity will be required in the future.

OBJETIVO: La actividad física en las personas mayores contribuye a mejorar su estado de salud y a disminuir la mortalidad. El objetivo fue analizar la validez de contenido y fiabilidad de la versión corta del cuestionario internacional de la actividad física adaptado a personas mayores de 65 años (IPAQ-E) en el centro de salud Fernando el Católico de Zaragoza entre mayo 2013 y marzo de 2015. METODOS: Estudio de validez de contenido y fiabilidad del IPAQ-E. Se realizó muestreo por conveniencia. Se utilizó la versión corta del IPAQ en español de Estados Unidos y se adaptó a actividades realizadas por personas mayores españolas. Para analizar la fiabilidad intraobservador se realizaron dos mediciones del IPAQ-E con 15 días de diferencia. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intraobservador, el alfa de Cronbach para la consistencia interna (CI) y el coeficiente de Spearman (CS) para analizar la correlación entre IPAQ-E y Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTADOS: Participaron 139 personas, edad media de 73,18 años. Fiabilidad intraobservador total 0,914 y superó el 0,9 en las tres dimensiones del cuestionario. CI 0,518; superó el 0,8 en el resto de dimensiones del IPAQ-E. CS entre IPAQ-E total y SPPB (Rho 0,435), y entre puntuaciones totales del SPPB con actividades caminar (Rho 0,426) y vigorosas (Rho 0,248). CONCLUSIONES: El IPAQ-E es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir la movilidad en personas mayores españolas. Son necesarios más estudios para añadir información sobre la validez de este instrumento.